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孫子兵法三十六計 - 36走為上

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孫子兵法三十六計 - 36走為上

孫子兵法三十六計第三十六計:走為上

「走為上計」,是指敵我力量懸殊的情況下,己方採取有計劃的主動撤退,暫時避開敵人鋒頭。再尋找機會,以退為進,以弱勝強。

春秋初期,楚國日益強盛,楚將子玉率師攻晉。楚國還脅迫陳、蔡、鄭、許四個小國出兵,配合楚軍作戰。此時晉文公剛攻下依附楚國的曹國,明知晉楚之戰遲早不可避免。子玉率部浩浩蕩蕩向曹國進發,晉文公聞訊,分析了形勢。他對這次戰爭的勝敗沒有把握,楚強晉弱,其勢洶洶,他決定暫時後退,避其鋒芒。

對外假意說道;「當年我被迫逃亡,楚國先君對我以禮相待。我曾與他有約定,將來如我返回晉國,願意兩國修好。如果迫不得已,兩國交兵,我定先退避三舍。現在,子玉伐我,我當實行諾言,先退三舍。(古時一舍為三十哩。)」他撤退九十哩,已到晉國邊界城濮,仗著臨黃河,靠太行山,足以御敵。

他已事先派人往秦國和齊國求助。于玉率部追到城濮,晉文公早已嚴陣以待。晉文公已探知楚國左、中、右三軍,以右軍最薄弱,右軍前頭為陳、蔡士兵,他們本是被脅迫而來,並無斗志。子玉命令左右軍先進,中軍繼之。楚右軍直扑晉軍,晉軍忽然又撤退,陳、蔡軍的將官以為晉軍懼怕,又要逃跑,就緊追不舍。

忽然晉軍中殺出一支軍隊,駕車的馬都蒙上老虎皮。陳、蔡軍的戰馬以為是真虎,嚇得亂蹦亂跳,轉頭就跑,騎兵哪裡控制得住。楚右軍大敗。晉文公派士兵假扮陳、蔡軍士,向子玉報捷;「右師已勝,元帥趕快進兵。」子玉登車一望,晉軍後方煙塵蔽天,他大笑道;「晉軍不堪一擊。」其實,這是晉軍誘敵之計,他們在馬後綁上樹枝,來往奔跑,故意弄得煙塵蔽日,制造假象。

子玉急命左軍並力前進。晉軍上軍故意打著帥旗,往後撤退。楚左軍又陷于晉國伏擊圈,又遭殲滅。等子玉率中軍趕到,晉軍三軍合力,已把子玉團團圍住。子玉這才發現,右軍、左軍都已被殲,自己已陷重圍,急令突圍。雖然他在猛將成大心的護衛下,逃得性命,但部隊喪亡慘重,只得悻悻回國。這個故事中晉文公的幾次撤退,都不是消極逃跑,而是主動退卻,尋找或製造戰機。所以,「走」,是上策。

  • Keywords : 蔡軍, 楚國, 撤退, 齊國求助, 駕車, 靠太行山, 避其鋒芒, 遭殲滅, 逃得性命, 迫逃亡, 迫不得已, 返回晉國, 轉頭就跑, 軍隊, 走為上計, 走為上, 護衛下, 許四, 計劃, 要逃跑
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2009-12-28T09:41:00+0000


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